Ambiguity

Ambiguity

Ambiguity Definition

Ambiguity or fallacy of ambiguity is a word, phrase, or statement which contains more than one meaning.
 Ambiguous words or statements lead to vagueness and confusion, and shape the basis for instances of unintentional humor. For instance, it is ambiguous to say “I rode a black horse in red pajamas,” because it may lead us to think the horse was wearing red pajamas. The sentence becomes clear when it is restructured “Wearing red pajamas, I rode a black horse.”
Similarly, same words with different meanings can cause ambiguity e.g. “John took off his trousers by the bank.” It is funny if we confuse one meaning of “bank” which is a building, to another meaning, being “an edge of a river”. Context usually resolves any ambiguity in such cases.

Common Ambiguity Examples

Below are some common examples of ambiguity:

• A good life depends on a liver – Liver may be an organ or simply a living person.
• Foreigners are hunting dogs – It is unclear whether dogs were being hunted or foreigners are being spoken of as dogs.
• Each of us saw her duck – It is not clear whether the word “duck” refers to an action of ducking or a duck that is a bird.
• The passerby helps dog bite victim – Is the passerby helping a dog bite someone? Or is he helping a person bitten by a dog? It’s not clear.

Examples of Ambiguity in Literature

Although ambiguity is considered a flaw in writing, many writers use this technique to allow readers to understand their works in a variety of ways, giving them depth and complexity. Let us analyze some ambiguity examples in literature.

Example #1

Read the following excerpt from “The Catcher in the Rye” by J. D. Salinger:

“I ran all the way to the main gate, and then I waited a second till I got my breath. I have no wind, if you want to know the truth. I’m quite a heavy smoker, for one thing—that is, I used to be. They made me cut it out. Another thing, I grew six and a half inches last year. That’s also how I practically got t.b. and came out here for all these goddam checkups and stuff. I’m pretty healthy though.”

The words “they” and “here” used by the speaker are ambiguous. But the readers are allowed to presume from the context that “they” might be the professionals helping out Holden and “here” might be a rehabilitation center.

 http://literarydevices.net/ambiguity/

"Ambiguous" redirects here. For the film, see Ambiguous (film).

Sir John Tenniel's illustration of the Caterpillar for Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is noted for its ambiguous central figure, whose head can be viewed as being a human male's face with a pointed nose and pointy chin or being the head end of an actual caterpillar, with the first two right "true" legs visible.^[1]

Ambiguity is a type of uncertainty of meaning in which several interpretations are plausible. It is thus an attribute of any idea or statement whose intended meaning cannot be definitively resolved according to a rule or process with a finite number of steps. (The ambi- part of the name reflects an idea of "two" as in two meanings.)
The concept of ambiguity is generally contrasted with vagueness. In ambiguity, specific and distinct interpretations are permitted (although some may not be immediately apparent), whereas with information that is vague, it is difficult to form any interpretation at the desired level of specificity.
Context may play a role in resolving ambiguity. For example, the same piece of information may be ambiguous in one context and unambiguous in another.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity

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Denotation & Connotation

Denotation and Connotation

1. Denotative and Connotative Meanings
 Although some words may be considered to have similar meanings, they cannot be substituted for one anothel without changing the message. Words with similar meanings have similar denotations . Often, however, words with a similar denotation do not have the same connotations. “Denote implies all that strictly belongs to the definition of the word, connote of the ideas that are suggested by the term; thus, ‘home’ denotes the place where one lives with one’s family, but it usually connotes comfort, intimacy, and privacy:. The same implications distinguish denotation and connotation . The denotation of a word is its dictionary definition, which is what the word “stands for.” A word’s connotation is what the word suggests, or what we associate the word with, that goes beyond its formal definitions. The word house and home both refer to a building or structure in which people live; these words have, then, the same denotation. But the word home , for most people, suggests or is associated with concepts and feelings of family and security. Thus, the word home has a strong, and generally positive, connotation. The word house though, has little, if any, connotative significance. House brings to mind a picture of a physical structure but little else because house does not carry any “emotional baggage.” House is likely to suggest only a residential structure or building, home to add connotations of the warmth of family life over a long period. The difference in meaning between these two words can be seen from the following lines:what he wants to suggest, which may actually be far more important than the superficial meaning.
A constant awareness of the connotative power of words is just as vital to the writer. His task is to select the word which will convey, not approximately, but exactly, what he wants to say. He must remember that two words may be “synonymous” in respect to denotation, that is, they mean the same thing. But to the practiced writer, as to the practiced reader, few if any words are exactly synonymous in connotation; in a given context one particular word will convey the precise implication the writer desires to communicate to his reader. Although by definition synonyms are words that have the same meaning or denotation, it is often said that no two synonyms are interchangeable. The denora&ion of a word is its limited, explicit meaning; the connotation of a word is the additional suggestion that it carries with it.

* From Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, copyright, 1949,195 1, 1953, by G&C.MerriamCo.
EN 307 13

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Euphism

Euphemism describes a polite, agreeable, or inoffensive word or expression that is used in place of one that is harsh, rude, or offensive. Also, pleasant or inoffensive language used to soften or mask upsetting truths (e.g., to pass on instead of to die). All of us use euphemisms. Because they are so much a part of us, it can be difficult to get through an entire day without using them. Many add a note of humor. Some are simply ridiculous. As writers, we must be careful when using euphemisms for they can get in the way of effective communication. They often distort or conceal.

Euphemisms can be positive or negative. Positive euphemisms include imposing job titles adopted to bolster one's self-image or impress one's friends and acquaintances. Examples of these include counsel in place of lawyer, health care professional for nurse or doctor, chief executive officer instead of president or chairman of the board, and territory manager instead of salesman.

The word euphemism comes from the Greek word ευφημία (euphemia), meaning "the use of words of good omen", which in turn is derived from the Greek root-words eu (ευ), "good/well" + pheme(φήμι) "speech/speaking". The term euphemism itself was used as a euphemism by the ancient Greeks, meaning "to keep a holy silence" (speaking well by not speaking at all).

Even though language has become an integrated part of our lives, most of us do not pause to consider the importance in which it plays in our perception of the world around us. Language is a product of social norms, tradition, culture, and even history. In fact, many historians have even found evidence of geographical migrations of populations using a method of comparative linguistics, such as comparing Sanskrit to Germanic languages to find that populations have moved from India to Europe in ancient times. It goes without saying that language plays a role in creating and reinforcing social distinctions, if only through our subconscious.

Language is like the building blocks of a civilization. Without it, an effective and cooperative society simply would not exist. Thus, language is a very power tool. Through subconscious ways, it can create class, gender, and racial distinctions. Perhaps it is not so bad that we have euphemisms for the handicapped, the elderly, and the disadvantaged. This way, in our minds, we automatically associate them with the respect that they deserve.

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Symbol

Symbol 

In our definition, we have been careful to add that “semantics is the study of
meaning in language”. The reason is that language is not the only way in which we
can communicate meaning.
Almost everybody in our Western culture knows the meaning that these
“signs” have (approximately, disapproval, victory (or peace), approval, question and
greeting). There are lots of “symbols” that are used to communicate meaning: all the
traffic signs are an example. If you want to communicate that something is
dangerous,
The study of meaning in general is done by semiotics. Semiotics studies
how “signs” mean, that is, how we can make one thing stand for another (a
“signifier” stands for a “signified”). For example, in Western culture, black clothes
are used to indicate mourning, and in our beaches, a red flag means that it’s
dangerous to swim. It is clear that all these signs are culturally-based: for example, in
some Eastern cultures, the color to indicate mourning is white.
Normally, semioticians find it useful to make a three-way distinction, first
established by C.S. Pierce:
1. Icon: a relation of similarity between the sign and what it represents; for
example, a portrait, etc.
2. Index: a cause-effect relationship; contiguity in space or time; for example,
smoke and fire, yawning and boredom, vultures circling overhead a dead
animal
3. Symbol: an arbitrary, conventional relationship between sign and meaning:
for example, red flag and danger.

Clearly, linguistic meaning will be mainly circumscribed to the third type.
Therefore, semantics must be seen as a sub-part of semiotics, and this is how most
scholars regard language. Very often we find cases in which a sign is at the same
time, icon, index and symbol, they are built upon each other: symbols on indices
and indices on icons.

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Semantics

Semantics

What is the meaning a Semantics?

According to some experts of semantics:

1.      Katz and Postal (1964) (E-Book : General Semantic, Lewis David)

Semantic markers are symbols: items in the vocabulary of an artificial language we may call Semantic Markerese.

Semantic interpretation by means of them amounts merely to a translation algorithm from the object language to the auxiliary language Markerese. But we can know the Markerese translation of an English sentence without knowing the first thing about the meaning of the English sentence: namely, the conditions under which it would be true. Semantics with no treatment of truth conditions is not semantics. Translation into Markerese is at best a substitute for real semantics, relying either on our tacit competence (at some future date) as speakers of Markerese or on our ability to do real semantics at least for the one language Markerese. Translation into Latin might serve as well, except insofar as the designers of Markerese may choose to build into it useful features - freedom from ambiguity, grammar based on symbolic logic - that might make it easier to do real semantics for Markerese than for Latin. (See Vermazen, 1967, for similar criticisms). The Markerese method is attractive in part just because it deals with nothing but symbols: finite combinations of entities of a familiar sort out of a finite set of elements by finitely many applications of finitely many rules. There is no risk of alarming the ontologically parsimonious. But it is just this pleasing ]initude that prevents Markerese semantics from dealing with the relations between symbols and the world of non - symbols - that is, with genuinely semantic relations. Accordingly, we should be prepared to find that in a more adequate method, meanings may turn out to be complicated, infinite entities built up out of elements belonging to various ontological categories.

2.      Second Edition Semantics a Coursebook ( Page 1, 2007)

Semantics is study of Meaning in Language. that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it.We hope to convince you that by careful thought about the language you speak and the way it is used, definite conclusions CAN be arrived at concerning meaning.

3.      Sheth, Ramakrishnan and Thomas (2005) (E-Book : Semantic – E- Learning)

Provide an important summary and analysis of the meaning of the word ‘semantics’ within the context of scientific disciplines:

Semantics has been a part of several scientific disciplines, both in the realm of computer science and outside of it. Research areas such as Information Retrieval (IR), Information Extraction (IE), Computational Linguistics (CL), Knowledge Representation (KR) Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Data (base) Management (DB) have all addressed issues pertaining to semantics in their own

4.      Lyons (1977)

Semantics is the study of meaning

5.      Hurford & Heasley (1983)

Semantics is the study of meaning in language

6.      Saeed (1997)

Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language

7.      Lobner (2002)

Semantics is the part of linguistics that is concerned with meaning

8.      Frawley (1992)

Linguistic semantics is the study of literal, decontextualized, grammatical meaning

9.      Kreidler (1998)

Linguistic semantics is the study of how languages organize and express meanings

10.  George Carlin (Book of The Study of Language, Page 100)

Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. In semantics analysis , there is always an attempt to focus on what the words conventionally mean, rather than on what an individual speaker.

11.  Drs. Seno H. Putra, M.Pd, P.Hd. (Book Of Introduction to General Linguistics, Page 15)

Semantics is the science that we study about the meaning of language, including words, phrases, sentences, symbols, and signals.

12.  Palmer (1981:1)

Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistic.

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MorphoSyntax

Morphology & Syntax

According to some experts of Morphology:

1.      Robert D. Van Valin, JR (E-Book - An Introduction of Syntax:2001:13)

Morphology is concerned with the structure of words, and morphological analysis is the process by which the linguists break complete words, down into their component parts.

2.      George Yule (The Study of Language Third Edition:2006:62)

Morphology is the study of forms, was originally used in biology, but, since the middle of the nineteenth century, has also  been used to describe the type of investigation that analyzes all those basic ‘elements’ used in language

3.      Drs. Seno H. Putra, M.Pd., P.Hd.( Introduction to General Linguistics: 2006:11)

Morphology is the science that we study about the formation of words, such as stem (root) becomes affixation, like suffix, prefix, confix, infix, and morphophonology: deletion of phoneme, substitution of phoneme, alternation, etc.

4.      Thomas E. Payne (E-book - Introduction Morphology and Syntax :Cambridge:8)

Morphology as the study of how meaningful units combine to shape words.

Morphology is simply the study of shapes. For example, zoologists may study the morphology of camels – how their bodies are shaped. Different species of camels have different body shapes. Some have one hump and others have two. Morphology in linguistics has to do with how words are shaped, and how the shapes of words may be systematically adjusted in order to accomplish communicative tasks. You can also think of morphology as the study of how meaningful units combine to shape words.

5.      Merriam-Webster Unabridged (E-book –What is Morphology?:1)

Mor-Phol-o-gy a study of the structure or form of something.

6.      Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) (E-book –What is Morphology?:10)

Who coined it early in the nineteenth century in a biological context. Its etymology is Greek: morph- means ‘shape, form’, and morphology is the study of form or forms. In biology morphology refers to the study of the form and structure of organisms, and in geology it refers to the study of the configuration and evolution of land forms. In linguistics morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed.

According to some experts of Syntax:

1.      Drs. Seno H. Putra, M.Pd., P.Hd.( Introduction to General Linguistics: 2006:13)

Syntax is the science that we study about the arrangements or constructions of words or morphemes become a good sentence based on the rules or systems of the native speaker.

In other words, a good sentence in syntax is concerned with rules, systems, logic, surface, and deep structures (meaning).

2.      George Yule (The Study of Language Third Edition:2006:86)

The word ‘syntax come originally from Greek and literally means ‘a putting together’ or ‘arrangement’. There was an attempt to produce an accurate description of the sequence or ordering ‘arrangement’ of elements in the linear structure of the sentence.

3.      Robert D. Van Valin, JR (E-Book - An Introduction of Syntax:2001:1)

Syntax is a central component of human language.

4.      Thomas E. Payne (E-book - Introduction Morphology and Syntax :Cambridge:8)

Syntax, on the other hand, is how words combine to form sentences. One reason many linguists like to talk about morphology and syntax together is that sometimes a communicative job that is performed by word shapes (morphology) in one language is performed by combinations of words (syntax) in another.

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Tips Menjadi Cashier yang terbaik

Ilmu menjadi Cashier Dealer yang Terbaik

1. Buatlah laporan harian dengan baik dan benar serta kirim laporan sebelum Deadlinenya.

2. Ceklah Laporan Posisi Bank & Kas, apakah balance atau tidak. Seandainya saldo awal sudah berkurang, maka kita harus menyetor uang agar saldo awal kita tetap. 

3. Kirimlah Uang hasil penjualan/penerimaan ke bank, Minimal 2 X dalam sehari. (Usahakan dalam waktu yang berbeda dan bank berbeda)

4. Dalam penerimaan uang, usahakan cek uang tersebut dan hitung dengan baik didepan konsumen.

5. Buatlah laporan mingguan dan bulanan sebelum Deadlinenya.

6. Control alur uang masuk dan uang keluar yang dapat merugikan perusahaan.

7. Minimalisir tindak korupsi yang dilakukan Kepala Cabang ataupun bawahan.

8. Control alur perlengkapan logistik, agar tidak dapat merugikan perusahaan.

9. Control selalu laporan BPKB dan STNK, agar tidak dapat terkena sanksi denda dalam pengurusan surat-surat kendaraan karena dapat merugikan perusahaan.

10. Minimalisir uang keluar untuk segala Budget seperti acara-acara tidak penting.

11. Minimalisir Fee Broker karena dapat merugikan pendapatan Cabang serta merugikan perusahaan.

12.Control segala inventaris yang ada di Kantor Cabang, karena segala kehilangan dan kerusakan dapat merugikan Kantor Cabang serta Perusahaan.

13. Control pemakaian BBM Kendaraan Inventaris karena selalu terjadi penyelewengan BBM, itu semua dapat merugikan perusahaan.

14. Hadapi Audit Internal / Eksternal dengan tenang.

"JADILAH SEORANG CASHIER DEALER YANG BAIK, JUJUR DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB. JAUHILAH SEGALA UANG KELUAR KANTOR CABANG. DEALER ADA DITANGAN ANDA"

By: Wendy Simangunsong

Ex. Cashier PT. Capella Dinamik Nusantara (Dealer Sepeda Motor Honda)

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Miss Father :'(

Ayah

Ayah, dimanakah dirimu sekarang?

Ayah, ak sangat merindukan belaian kasih sayang mu.

Ayah, ak sangat ingin engkau selalu ada mendampingi ku ketika aku Wisuda dan Menikah Kelak.

 

Sebesar apapun kesalahan mu kepada keluarga mu ini, tapi aku sebagai anak mu akan selalu memaafkanmu ayah.

 

 I pray to God, I hope you come in second of my important schedule, daddy.

 

Dad, I didn't forget for your advice to me.

I promise to you, I will guarding and making success a my big family.

 

Dad, I Miss You. We love You Dad. :'(

 

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Curriculum Vitae

Curriculum Vitae

Full Name       : Wendy Pandapotan Sahat Martua Simangunsong

Nick Name      : Wendy

Birth Date       : July 19, 1993

Address           : Perumahan Jala Utama Garuda Sakti B 18, 

                          Kel. Simpang Baru, Kec. Tampan.

                          Pekanbaru City, Province Riau

Phone              : (+62) 823 8372 1713

BBM               : 5430A781

E-mail              : thecancer1993@yahoo.co.id

FB                   : https://www.facebook.com/Wendyjha

Education        : - SD Kristen BPK 5 Penabur Bandung 1999 - 2000

                         - SDN JagaSatru Cirebon 2000 - 2000

                         - SDN Bojong Koneng Bandung  2000-2001

                         - SDN Patrakomala  Bandung 2001 - 2003

                         - SDN 032 Delima Pekanbaru 2003 - 2005

                         - SLTP Tri Bhakti Pekanbaru 2005 - 2008

                         - SMK Negeri 5 Pekanbaru (Automotif) 2008-2011

                         - Lancang Kuning Of University (FKIP English) 2014 - Now

Scholarship      : - PT. Agung Automall (SMK)

                         - Dana BOS (SMP - SMK) 

                         - Yayasan Tri Karya Bhakti (SMP)

                         - Pemprov Riau (Collage)

Award             : - The Best GoalKeeper Man in Wiranto Arismunandar Cup 2002 Bandung

                          - The Best GoalKeeper Man in Campina Cup 2003 Bandung

                          - The Best GoalKeeper Man in Danone Cup 2003 Bandung

                          - Goal Keeper Man in Persib Junior Under 12 Age

                          - Goal Keeper Man in Bina Muda Utama Soccer School Bandung

Job                   : -  PT. Capella Dinamik Nusantara (Cashier) 2011 - 2013

                         -  PT. Sumber Alfaria Trijaya (Chief Of Store) Mei  – Des 2013

                         -  PT. Mega Auto Central Finance (Debt Collector) 2015

Description      :

I was born from a broken home family since 2000, though so I am aware of my life, I am not a stupid person like most children of a broken home. Most of them are smoking, drinking, lazy school, and drug-free life, but I was not there to do it all because I am sorry for my mother struggle in raising me. So I have the determination to alleviate my school fees through a scholarship and rank first in school and my determination finally realized, from junior high school to high school vocational, I get a full scholarship and have ranked first in the class.

Actually, after I graduated from vocational school, I had a chance a full scholarship at the University of Yogyakarta at the Faculty of Petroleum 45 but due to financial constraints in departure there so void to take the chance and I also get a full scholarship at the University of Riau School of Economics when I was already working at PT. Capella Dinamik Nusantara in training 3 weeks in Selat Panjang so that opportunity can’t I take and I chose the first work to help my family economy.

Since I have a desire to become a teacher and would like to go back to college, then after three years of my work, I try to go back to college at the University of Lancang Kuning at Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, English Education Department. Subject matter on the bench I got a scholarship from the Department of Education and Culture of the Province of Riau in the 2nd half to help ease the burden on my parents.

There is an opinion "This life is like a spinning wheel, sometimes above and sometimes below." The opinion that I've experienced in my family life. My family never went bankrupt because people are believed to guard our efforts, we have been betrayed by carrying off all the items of our business with losses amounting to ± Rp. 50,000,000. Since that time we lost livelihoods, and we eat not eat anymore. But to help our family, and we also opened another business from "0" up until now began to develop for the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ.

"Although life without a father, I had to prove that I can do better than children who have a complete family."

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