Antonomasia

I. What is Antonomasia? Antonomasia (pronounced an-tuh-nuh–mey-zhuh) is a literary term in which a descriptive phrase replaces a person’s name.  Antonomasia can range from lighthearted nicknames to epic names.
The phrase antonomasia is derived from the Greek phrase antonomazein meaning “to name differently.” 
II. Examples of Antonomasia
Oftentimes, antonomasia is used to call attention to a certain characteristic.
Example 1
Imagine that you have a friend who is a fantastic chef, and you want to say hello.
Normal sentence:

“Oh, look! Sam’s arrived!”

Sentence with Antonomasia:

“Oh, look! The great chef has arrived!”

Here, the use of antonomasia allows you to greet your friend with a nickname which also reveals something about his character: he’s a great chef.

Example 2
For another example, consider that you have a grumpy teacher:
Normal sentence:

“He’s grumpy, boring, doesn’t want to listen to anyone, and definitely doesn’t want to help anyone.”

Sentence with Antonomasia:

“Mr. Grumps doesn’t want to listen to anyone, and definitely doesn’t want to help anyone.”

Replacing the teacher’s actual name with his defining characteristic, grumpiness, serves to highlight just how much the mood is associated with the man.

Example 3
For a commonly use example of antonomasia, consider two women discussing men:
Normal sentence:

“He’s such a good guy. I enjoy his company so much! I just hope he’s the right guy for me.”

With the addition of antonomasia, we can emphasize the quality she hopes to find in this man:
Sentence with Antonomasia:

“He’s such a good guy. I enjoy his company so much! I just hope he’s Mr. Right.“

Giving a man the title “Mr. Right” is an everyday example of antonomasia in conversation. 

III. The importance of using Antonomasia
Antonomasia can provide someone with a strong epithet which further celebrates and memorializes their great deeds. In advertising and pop culture, such wording can also further celebrate the famous, such as The Beatles as “The Fab Four.”
Uses for antonomasia vary slightly depending on the time period. In the past, antonomasia would be used to designate class members, as oftentimes people’s names were linked to their professions. Antonomasia was also used in the past to give positive names to strong warriors and negative names to weak or nasty people.
Here are a few examples of antonomasia in the past:

• Aristotle as “The Philosopher”
• Winston Churchill as “The Great Commoner”
• William Shakespeare as “The Bard”

In this way, the past is similar to the present, as we tend to use antonomasia purely for enjoyment and fun with nicknames. 

IV. Examples of Antonomasia in Literature
Antonomasia is important in literature, as it can tell more about characters just by their titles. Consider a few examples:
Example 1
One instance of antonomasia is the treatment of Voldemort in J.K.Rowling’s Harry Potter Series. Rather than calling the dangerous man by name, all must call him “You-Know-Who” or “He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named.” This usage of antonomasia emphasizes just how dangerous the man is, as most wizards and witches are too afraid to say his actual name aloud.

Example 2
Another example of antonomasia is in Mary Shelley’s Victor Frankenstein’s inability to give the monster a true name is apparent in his constant use of antonomasia:

• “I beheld the wretch—the miserable monster whom I had created”
• “the approach of the demoniacal corpse to which I had so miserably given life”
• “Devil, do you dare approach me?”
• “Begone, vile insect!”

Frankenstein’s creation is never given a name, and instead is given countless instances of antonomasia which show Frankenstein’s inability to accept his creation.

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Hyperbole

Hyperbole Definition

Hyperbole, derived from a Greek word meaning “over-casting” is a figure of speech, which involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.
It is a device that we employ in our day-to-day speech. For instance, when you meet a friend after a long time, you say, “Ages have passed since I last saw you”. You may not have met him for three or four hours or a day, but the use of the word “ages” exaggerates this statement to add emphasis to your wait.  Therefore, a hyperbole is an unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation. Some other common Hyperbole examples are given below.

Common Examples of Hyperbole

• My grandmother is as old as the hills.
• Your suitcase weighs a ton!
• She is as heavy as an elephant!
• I am dying of shame.
• I am trying to solve a million issues these days.

It is important not to confuse hyperbole with simile and metaphor. It does make a comparison but unlike simile and metaphor, hyperbole has a humorous effect created by an overstatement.
Let us see some examples from Classical English literature in which hyperbole was used successfully.

Hyperbole Examples from Literature

Example #1

In American folk lore, Paul Bunyan’s stories are full of hyperboles. In one instance, he exaggerates winter by saying:
“Well now, one winter it was so cold that all the geese flew backward and all the fish moved south and even the snow turned blue. Late at night, it got so frigid that all spoken words froze solid afore they could be heard. People had to wait until sunup to find out what folks were talking about the night before.”
Freezing of the spoken words at night in winter and then warming up of the words in the warmth of the sun during the day are examples of hyperbole that have been effectively used by Paul Bunyan in this short excerpt.

Example #2

From William Shakespeare’s “Macbeth”, Act II, Scene II,

“Neptune’s ocean wash this blood
Clean from my hand? No. This my hand will rather
The multitudinous seas incarnadine,
Making the green one red.”

Macbeth, the tragic hero, feels the unbearable prick of his conscience after killing the king. He regrets his sin and believes that even the oceans of the greatest magnitude cannot wash the blood of the king off his hands. We can notice the effective use of hyperboles in the given lines.

Example #3

From W.H Auden’s poem “As I Walked One Evening”,

I’ll love you, dear, I’ll love you
Till China and Africa meet,
And the river jumps over the mountain
And the salmon sing in the street,
I’ll love you till the ocean
Is folded and hung up to dry

The use of hyperbole can be noticed in the above lines. The meeting of China and Africa, the jumping of the river over the mountain, singing of salmon in the street, and the ocean being folded and hung up to be dried are exaggerations not possible in real life.

Example #4

From “The Adventures of Pinocchio” written by C. Colloid,

“He cried all night, and dawn found him still there, though his tears had dried and only hard, dry sobs shook his wooden frame. But these were so loud that they could be heard by the faraway hills…”

The crying of Pinocchio all night until his tears became dry is an example of Hyperbole.

Example #5

From Joseph Conrad’s novel “The Heart of Darkness”,

“I had to wait in the station for ten days-an eternity.”

The wait of ten days seemed to last forever and never end.

Function of Hyperbole

The above arguments make clear the use of hyperbole. In our daily conversation, we use hyperbole to emphasize for an amusing effect. However, in literature it has very serious implications. By using hyperbole, a writer or a poet makes common human feelings remarkable and intense to such an extent that they do not remain ordinary. In literature, usage of hyperbole develops contrasts. When one thing is described with an over-statement and the other thing is presented normally, a striking contrast is developed. This technique is employed to catch the reader’s attention.

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Synecdoche and Metonymy

Synecdoche is different to both Irony and Metaphor, but it is just as concrete in its implications. It represents a trope where a ‘part’ is substituted for a ‘whole’. The common example of this is ’50 head of cattle’ where the heads are counted in order to represent the whole animal. The whole is implied by the presence of the part.

Metonymy, finally, is where something is referred to in terms of something it is closely associated with. This is different from synecdoche, where the two elements being summoned must be part of the same whole. Instead, in metonymy, the requirement for referral is one of ‘intimate association’. As Harold Bloom says: ‘The name or prime aspect of something is sufficient to indicate it.’ So, for example, in the line ‘Lend me your ears’, ‘ears’ is used to refer to hearing, or attention, as there is a common understanding of association between the two.
It is tempting to boil these few tropes down to a calculus of language, (e.g. irony = using A to say B. Metaphor = taking elements of A and assigning them to B) however, as in much of language, the practical divides between irony, metaphor, synecdoche and metonymy are thin and fungible. I suggest further reading. Leave a comment below if you have any ideas of the next place to look.

Metonymy Definition

It is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. We can come across examples of metonymy both from literature and in everyday life.

Metonymy, Synecdoche and Metaphor

Metonymy is often confused with another figure of speech called synecdoche. They resemble each other but are not the same. Synecdoche refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts. For example, calling a car “a wheel” is a synecdoche. A part of a car i.e. “a wheel” stands for the whole car. In a metonymy, on the other hand, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not a part of it. For example, “Crown” which means power or authority is a metonymy.
Metonymy is different from a metaphor. A metaphor draws resemblance between two different things as in “You are sunlight and I moon” – Sun And Moon from Miss Saigon. Sunlight (and moon) and human are two different things without any association but it attempts to describe one thing in terms of another based on a supposed similarity. Metonymy, however, develops relation on the grounds of close associations as in “The White House is concerned about terrorism.” The White House here represents the people who work in it.

Examples of Metonymy in Everyday Life

We use metonymy frequently in our everyday life. For a better understanding, let us observe a few metonymy examples:

• England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the government.)
• The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.)
• The Oval Office was busy in work. (“The Oval Office” is a metonymy as it stands for people at work in the office.)
• Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)

Metonymy Examples from Literature

Example #1

The given lines are from Shakespeare’s “Julies Caesar” Act I.

“Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.”

Mark Anthony uses “ears” to say that he wants the people present there to listen to him attentively. It is a metonymy because the word “ears” replaces the concept of attention.

Example #2

This line is from Margaret Mitchell’s novel “Gone with the Wind”.

“I’m mighty glad Georgia waited till after Christmas before it secedes or it would have ruined the Christmas parties.”

Scarlett uses “Georgia” to point out everything that makes up the state: citizens, politician, government etc. It is a metonymy extremely common in the modern world, where a name of a country or state refers to a whole nation and its government. Thus, it renders brevity to the ideas.

Example #3

These lines are taken from “Out, Out” by Robert Frost.

“As he swung toward them holding up the hand
Half in appeal, but half as if to keep
The life from spilling”

In these lines, the expression “The life from spilling” is a metonymy that refers to spilling of blood. It develops a link between life and blood. The loss of too much blood means loss of life.

Example #4

These lines are from the poem “Yet Do I Marvel”.

“The little buried mole continues blind,
Why flesh that mirror Him must someday die,”

Countee Cullen uses “flesh” to represent human and questions God why we have to die when we are created in His likeness.

Example #5

These lines are from Lycidas written by John Milton.
“But now my oat proceeds,
And listens to the herald of the sea
That came in Neptune’s plea,
He asked the waves, and asked the felon winds,
What hard mishap hath doomed this gentle swain?”
In the above-mentioned lines, John Milton uses “oat” for a musical instrument made out of an oak-stalk. Thus, “oat” represents the song that the poet is composing next to the ocean.

Function of Metonymy

Generally, metonymy is used in developing literary symbolism i.e. it gives more profound meanings to otherwise common ideas and objects. By using metonymy, texts exhibit deeper or hidden meanings and thus drawing readers’ attention.  In addition, the use of metonymy helps achieve conciseness. For instance, “Rifles were guarding the gate” is more concise than “The guards with rifles in their hands were guarding the gate.”
Furthermore, metonymy, like other literary devices, is employed to add a poetic color to words to make them come to life. The simple ordinary things are described in a creative way to ins
ert this “life” factor to the literary works.

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Antonomasia and Conversion

http://www.slideshare.net/Wendyjha/antonomasia-and-conversion

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Onomatopoeia

Definition of Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia refers to a word that phonetically mimics or resembles the sound of the thing it describes. For example, the words we use to describe the noises that animals make are all onomatopoetic, such as a dog’s “bark,” a cat’s “meow,” or a coo’s “moo.” Interestingly, the onomatopoetic words for animal sounds change quite a bit from one language to another, as the words must fit into the larger linguistic system. Therefore, while a pig says “oink” in English, it says “buu” in Japanese, “grunz” in German, “knor,” in Dutch, and so on.


The definition of onomatopoeia comes from a compound Greek word for “the sound/name I make.” In this way, an onomatopoetic word is the sound that the thing being described makes.

Common Examples of Onomatopoeia

As noted above, almost all animal noises are examples of onomatopoeia. There are hundreds of other onomatopoeia examples in the English language, however. Here are some categories of words, along with examples of each:

• Machine noises—honk, beep, vroom, clang, zap, boing
• Animal names—cuckoo, whip-poor-will, whooping crane, chickadee
• Impact sounds—boom, crash, whack, thump, bang
• Sounds of the voice—shush, giggle, growl, whine, murmur, blurt, whisper, hiss
• Nature sounds—splash, drip, spray, whoosh, buzz, rustle

There is a tradition in comic books of using onomatopoeias during fight scenes. These words, such as “wham,” “pow,” and “biff,” often accompany an image of a character knocking out another one to add a sense of sound effects. The comic book writer and artist Roy Crane popularized this tradition, inventing words such as “ker-splash” and “lickety-wop” to further diversify the range of sounds imitable in comic books.

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Significance of Onomatopoeia in Literature

Onomatopoeia is often used in literature to create aural effects that mimic the visual thing being described. Authors sometimes use combinations of words to create an onomatopoetic effect not necessarily using words that are onomatopoetic in and of themselves. For example, in Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Rime of the Ancient Mariner,” Coleridge uses the phrase “furrow followed free” to mimic the sound of the wake left behind a ship.

Examples of Onomatopoeia in Literature

Example #1

ARIEL:
Hark, hark!
Bow-wow.
The watch-dogs bark!
Bow-wow.
Hark, hark! I hear
The strain of strutting chanticleer
Cry, ‘cock-a-diddle-dow!’

(The Tempest by William Shakespeare)
The character of Ariel in Shakespeare’s play The Tempest uses several examples of onomatopoeia in one short passage. The dogs “bark” and say “bow-wow” while the chanticleer cries “cock-a-diddle-dow.” Shakespeare is thus using the onomatopoeias of animal noises here.

Example #2

PETER:
Then will I lay the serving creature’s dagger on your pate. I will carry no crotchets. I’ll re you, I’ll fa you. Do you note me?
FIRST MUSICIAN:
An you re us and fa us, you note us.

(Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare)
This exchange from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is an interesting example of onomatopoeia. The character Peter says “I’ll re you, I’ll fa you. Do you note me?” The “re” and “fa” refer to the Solfege scales, which includes the notes do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, and do. Therefore his usage of two of those notes is onomatopoetic, but he always uses it as a pun by following up with “Do you note me?” In this question, “note” takes on the double entendre of meaning “do you understand me?” as well as referring to the musical notes. The musician to whom he is speaking picks up on the joke and uses it back at Peter.

Example #3

I was just beginning to yawn with nerves thinking he was trying to make a fool of me when I knew his tattarrattat at the door.

(Ulysses by James Joyce)
Some authors love to create new words; both William Shakespeare and James Joyce were well-known for doing so. In this excerpt from his famously dense novel Ulysses, Joyce creates a nonce word “tattarrattat” for the sound of knocking at a door (a “nonce” word is a word that is created only for a special case). He combines other onomatopoetic words for knocking at a door, like “rap” and “tap” into one long word. After Joyce created this word, it is now listed as the longest palindrome in the English language.

Example #4

Hear the loud alarum bells,
Brazen bells!
What a tale of terror, now, their turbulency tells!
In the startled ear of night
How they scream out their affright!
Too much horrified to speak,
They can only shriek, shriek,
Out of tune…
How they clang, and clash, and roar!
What a horror they outpour
On the bosom of the palpitating air!
Yet the ear it fully knows,
By the twanging
And the clanging,
How the danger ebbs and flows…

(“The Bells” by Edgar Allen Poe)
Edgar Allen Poe’s famous poem “The Bells” is one of the most onomatopoetic works of literature in history. He describes four different types of bells, including the “loud alarum bells” from these excerpts, as well as the “silver bells” on sledges, the “mellow golden bells” of weddings, and “iron bells.” In each stanza, Poe uses vastly different onomatopoetic words to mimic the sounds of the different bells. The silver bells, for example, “jingle” and “tinkle” in a “world of merriment.” The “jingle” and “tinkle” are light-sounding words, connoting joy and ease. The mellow wedding bells produce a “gush of euphony” that swells. Meanwhile the iron bells “toll” and, as Poe writes, “every sound that floats / From the rust within their throats / Is a groan.” These noises—the toll and groan—mimic the sound of anguish and solemnity. Finally, the loud alarum bells, as shown in this excerpt, produced such an effect on Poe that they warranted two stanzas. We see words like “shriek,” “clang,” “clash,” “roar,” “twanging,” and “clanging,” all words that Poe uses to make the turbulent and alarming sounds.

Example #5

I heard a Fly buzz – when I died –
The Stillness in the Room
Was like the Stillness in the Air –
Between the Heaves of Storm –

(“I heard a Fly buzz – when I died –” by Emily Dickinson)
Emily Dickinson describes the sounds she hears as she’s dying in her poem “I heard a Fly buzz – when I died –.” The sound of the “buzz” is an onomatopoetic word. She also describes a “stillness in the room.” The use of onomatopoeia to begin her poem creates an auditory landscape, which she then fills with other imagery.

Example #6

Onomatopoeia every time I see ya
My senses tell me hubba
And I just can’t disagree.
I get a feeling in my heart that I can’t describe. . . .
It’s sort of whack, whir, wheeze, whine
Sputter, splat, squirt, scrape
Clink, clank, clunk, clatter
Crash, bang, beep, buzz
Ring, rip, roar, retch
Twang, toot, tinkle, thud
Pop, plop, plunk, pow
Snort, snuck, sniff, smack
Screech, splash, squish, squeak
Jingle, rattle, squeal, boing
Honk, hoot, hack, belch.

(“Onomatopoeia” by Todd Rundgren)
This fun poem by Todd Rundgren uses many different examples of onomatopoeia to describe the ineffable feeling he gets in his heart when seeing a love interest. This is another good use of onomatopoeia—when there aren’t better words to get the reader to understand, sometimes creating a feeling through onomatopoeia can better get across the point

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Blending & Acronym

A. Blending

The earliest blends in English only go back to the 19th century, with wordplay coinages by Lewis Carroll in Jabberwocky. For example, he introduced to the language slithy, formed from lithe and slimy) and galumph, (from gallop and triumph Interestingly galumph has survived as a word in English, but it now seems to mean 'walk in a stomping, ungainly way'. Some blends that have been around for quite a while include brunch (breakfast and lunch), motel (motor hotel), electrocute (electric and execute), smog (smoke and fog) and cheeseburger (cheese and hamburger).

A blending is a combination of two or more words to create a new one, usually by taking the beginning of the other word and the end of the other one. So new words like spork (spoon + fork), fanzine (fan + magazine), bromance (brother + romance) or Spanglish (Spanish + English) are created. There are of course other ways to create a blending: for example, you can take both beginnings of a word (cybernetic + organism → cyborg) or take a whole word and combine it with a part of another one (guess + estimate → guesstimate) (Yousefi 2009. The most common type of blend is a full word followed by a word part (called a splinter) as in motorcade (motor + cavalcade). Another example of combining words, in this case names, is the bleding of celebrity couple names, such as Brangelina (Brad + Angelina) or Bennifer (Ben + Jennifer). Sometimes blendings are referred to as portmanteau words. The term portmanteau was coined by Lewis Carroll in 1882, when in his book Through the Looking Glass Humpty Dumpty describes a new word he uses as follows: "Well, 'slithy' means 'lithe and slimy'. […] You see, it's like a portmanteau - there are two meanings packed into one word" (Carroll 1996, 102 - i.e. there are two different words with completely unequal meanings put together to form a new word with a new meaning.

Examples and Observations:

motel (motorway hotel)                                 brunch (breakfast lunch fridge (freezer refrigerator)                           smog (smoke fog)                          stagflation (stagnation and inflation)                 spork (spoon and fork)                  carjacking (car and hijacking)           mocktail(mock and cocktail with no alcohol)                              splog (spam and blog)

fake blog designed to attract hits and raise Google-ranking' britpoperati(Britpop and literati) 'those knowledgable about current British pop music'.

{agitprop (agitation + propaganda)}           alcopop (alcohol + pop)

bash (bat + mash)                                      biopic (biography + picture

Breathalyzer (breath + analyzer)          camcorder (camera + recorder) chexting (cheating + texting)                             clash (clap + crash) cosmeceutical (cosmetic + pharmaceutical)         

docudrama(documentary+ drama),faction (fact + fiction),electrocute (electricity + execute),fanzine (fan + magazine), emoticon (emote + icon),flare (flame + glare),  flirtationship (flirting + relationship),   glimmer (gleam + shimmer), Globish (global + English),                guitarthritis (guitar + arthritis), infotainment (information + entertainment), moped (motor + pedal), palimony (pal + alimony), pornacopia (pornography + cornucopia), pulsar (pulse + quasar), sexcapade (sex + escapade), sexploitation (sex + exploitation), sitcom (situation + comedy), slanguage (slang + language). smash (smack + mash), sportscast (sports + broadcast), stagflation (stagnation + inflation), staycation (stay home + vacation), telegenic (television + photogenic), textpectation (text message + expectation), workaholic (work + alcoholic).

B. Acronym

In English, acronyms pronounced as words may be a 20th-century phenomenon. Linguist David Wilton in Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends claims that "forming words from acronyms is a distinctly twentieth- (and now twenty-first-) century phenomenon. There is only one known pre-twentieth-century [English] word with an acronymic origin and it was in vogue for only a short time in 1886. The word is colinderies or colinda, an acronym for the Colonial and Indian Exposition held in London in that year."

The widespread, frequent use of acronyms and initialisms across the whole range of registers is a relatively new linguistic phenomenon in most languages, becoming increasingly evident since the mid-20th century. As literacy rates rose, and as advances in science and technology brought with them a constant stream of new (and sometimes more complex) terms and concepts, the practice of abbreviating terms became increasingly convenient. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) records the first printed use of the word initialism as occurring in 1899, but it did not come into general use until 1965, well after acronym had become common. By 1943, the term acronym had been used in English to recognize abbreviations (and contractions of phrases) that were pronounced as words. (It was formed from the Greek words ἄκρος, akros, "topmost, extreme" and ὄνομα, onoma, "name.") For example, the army offense of being absent without official leave was abbreviated to "A.W.O.L." in reports, but when pronounced as a word ('awol'), it became an acronym. While initial letters are commonly used to form an acronym, the original definition was a word made from the initial letters or syllables of other words, for example UNIVAC from UNIVersal Automatic Computer.

Acronym is way to form word, it is similar to abbreviation, when each first letter of the source word is taken and to form new acronym. In English we can find like NASA (national aeronotics and space administration), VIP (very important person), NATO (north Atlantic treaty organization), etc. Acronym is forming words from the initials of a group of words that designate one concept. Usually, but not always, capitalized. An acronym is pronounced as a word if the consonants and vowels line up in such a way as to make this possible, otherwise, it is pronounced as a string of letter names. Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations formed from the initial letter or letters of words, such as NATO and HTML, and are pronounced in a way that is distinct from the full pronunciation of what the letters stand for. Of the two words, acronym is the much more frequently used and known, and many speakers and writers refer to all abbreviations formed from initial letters as acronyms. However, many others differentiate between acronyms and initialisms. An acronym is a pronounceable word formed from the initial letter or letters of the constituent words, such as NATO. An initialism is an abbreviation pronounced as the names of the individual letters, and is formed only from the initial letter of constituent words, such as TLA. This distinction is supported by many dictionary definitions, but not by all.

Although the term acronym is widely used to describe any abbreviation formed from initial letters, some dictionaries define acronym to mean "a word" in its original sense, while some others include additional senses attributing to acronym the same meaning as that of initialism. The distinction, when made, hinges on whether the abbreviation is pronounced as a word, or as a string of letters. According to the first definition found in dictionaries, examples of acronyms are NATO (/ˈneɪtoʊ/), scuba (/ˈskuːbə/), and radar (/ˈreɪdɑr/), while examples of initialisms are FBI (/ˌɛfˌbiːˈaɪ/) and HTML (/ˌeɪtʃˌtiːˌɛmˈɛl/). There is no agreement on what to call abbreviations whose pronunciation involves the combination of letter names and words, such as JPEG (/ˈdʒeɪpɛɡ/) and MS-DOS (/ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs/). There are also some disagreements as abbreviations that some speakers pronounce as letters and others pronounce as a word. For example, the terms URL and IRA can be pronounced as individual letters: /ˌjuːˌɑrˈɛl/ and /ˌaɪˌɑrˈeɪ/, respectively; or as a single word: /ˈɜrl/ and /ˈaɪərə/, respectively. Such constructions, however—regardless of how they are pronounced—if formed from initials, may be identified as initialisms without controversy.

The spelled-out form of an acronym or initialism (that is, what it stands for) is called its expansion.

Comparing a few examples of each types of acronym:

a.       Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters

AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

b.      Pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters

Amphetamine: alpha-methyl-phenethylamine

Gestapo: Geheime Staatspolizei (secret state police)

Interpol: International Criminal Police Organization

Nabisco: National Biscuit Company

c.       Pronounced as a word, containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters

Necco: New England Confectionery Company

Radar: radio detection and ranging

d.      Pronounced as a word or names of letters, depending on speaker or context

FAQ: ([fæk] or ef-a-cue) frequently asked question

IRA: When used for Individual Retirement Account, can be pronounced as letters (i-ar-a) or as a word [ˈaɪrə].

SAT(s): ([sæt] or ess-a-tee) (previously) Scholastic Achievement (or Aptitude) Test(s)(US) or Standard Assessment Test(s) (UK), now claimed not to stand for anything.[11]

SQL: ([siːkwəl] or ess-cue-el) Structured Query Language.

e.       Pronounced as a combination of names of letters and a word

CD-ROM: (cee-dee-[rɒm]) Compact Disc read-only memory

IUPAC: (i-u-[pæk]) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

JPEG: (jay-[pɛɡ]) Joint Photographic Experts Group

SFMOMA: (ess-ef-[moʊmə]) San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

f.       Pronounced only as the names of letters

BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation

OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer

USA: The United States of America

g.       Pronounced as the names of letters but with a shortcut

AAA: (triple A) American Automobile Association; abdominal aortic aneurysm; anti-aircraft artillery; Asistencia Asesoría Administración

(three As) Amateur Athletic Association

IEEE: (I triple E) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

NAACP: (N double A C P) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NCAA: (N C double A or N C two A or N C A A) National Collegiate Athletic Association

h.      Shortcut incorporated into name

3M: (three M) originally Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company

E3: (E three) Electronic Entertainment Exposition

W3C: (W three C) World Wide Web Consortium

C4ISTAR: (C four I star) Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance.

i.        Pseudo-acronyms, which consist of a sequence of characters that, when pronounced as intended, invoke other, longer words with less typing (see also Internet slang)

CQ: cee-cue for "seek you", a code used by radio operators

IOU: i-o-u for "I owe you" (a true acronym would be IOY)

K9: kay-nine for "canine", used to designate police units utilizing dogs

Q8: cue-eight for "Kuwait"

j.        Initialisms whose last abbreviated word is often redundantly included anyway

ATM machine: Automated Teller Machine machine

HIV virus: Human Immunodeficiency Virus virus

PIN number: Personal Identification Number number

LCD display: Liquid Crystal Display display.

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Mengajarkan Anak-Anak Untuk Menyelesaikan Konflik

Mengajarkan Anak – Anak Untuk Menyelesaikan Konflik 

1. Manajemen Konflik

Peran guru dalam menyelesaikan masalah dalam kelas (SD):

a.    Pelukan Hangat -> Datangi dan berikan pelukan untuk meredam emosional

b.     Kenapa? -> Mencari tahu masalah

c.     Reinforcement (Penguatan Respon) -> Memberi nasihat

Peran guru dalam menyelesaikan masalah dalam kelas (SMP-SMK):

a.   Panggil -> Memanggil kedua siswa yang bermasalah, ketika diluar jam pelajaran

b.   Kenapa? -> Mencari tahu masalah

c.   Reinforcement (Penguatan Respon) -> Memberi nasihat dan berikan social modelling

     2.  Kurikulum Konflik

Kurikulum Konflik-> Mengatur / menyelesaikan masalah agar tidak besar

Terdapat beberapa sistem :

a.    Sistem Demokratis VS Otoriter

Menanyakan apa masalahnya dan memberikan ketegasan

        b.   Sistem Diskusi 
          Membuat diskusi dengan murid tersebut untuk mencari pokok masalah
       c. Memberikan Reward dan Vonismen

"Pendidikan karakter yang baik bukan dari guru tetapi dari Orang tua terlebih Ayah, karena peran Ayah lebih besar dari pada peran Ibu dalam memberikan pendidikan karakter anak.", Shean Marta Efastri, M.Pd. (Dosen FKIP Universitas Lancang Kuning)

"Berikan batasan antara murid dengan guru, jangan terlalu dekat dengan murid tetapi letakkan pada tempatnya."  Shean Marta Efastri, M.Pd. (Dosen FKIP Universitas Lancang Kuning)

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